Biomarkers are measurable biological characteristics that provide information about specific physiological processes, molecular changes, or biological responses. Their investigation is an important component of biomedical and translational research.

The detection and quantification of biomarkers require analytical methods capable of identifying specific molecular targets within complex biological samples. Depending on the biomarker, researchers may use immunoassays, molecular biology techniques, enzymatic measurements, or advanced analytical instrumentation.

Biomarker analysis can involve different sample types, including serum, plasma, cell lysates, tissue extracts, and other biological materials.

Reliable measurements depend on several analytical characteristics. Sensitivity determines the ability to detect low concentrations of a target, while specificity reflects the capacity of a method to distinguish the intended analyte from other components in the sample. Detection range, precision, reproducibility, and accuracy are also important when evaluating analytical performance.

These parameters help researchers understand the capabilities and limitations of different methodologies and interpret quantitative results appropriately.